State/Rastra
What is state?
The state is the centre of political
science. It is also the largest, most powerful and comprehensive political
institution that governs all other institutions, associations, individuals,
groups and their activities within society. It commands everyone, but does not
accept anyone's instructions. This is the union of the unions, that is, the
best unions. In the eyes of the Greeks, the state was a natural and necessary
institution. The state is created from within human nature. Although there are
differing views on the creation of the state, this fundamental truth is
directly or indirectly accepted by all.
Use of state
word
The word state has been used in different
meanings at different times. The Greeks and Romans called the state 'Polis' and
'Civitas', respectively. They were actually ‘City - State’ as their nation was
confined within the city. The term 'status' was used for the state of
'Teutons', which means 'existence'.
The Greeks and Romans used the words state,
society, government, etc. at the same time. Religion was also a state. This
system was in force until the fifteenth century. In the first quarter of the
sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)]
first used the word "state" in a clear, subtle, and modern sense. He
not only separated the state from religion, but also subordinated religion and
religious authorities to the state. He defined the state as
"sovereign", "secular", "national", and
"territorial". The word state is still commonly used in the sense of
country, race, society, government, political system, or political system,
civil society, and civil society. Even the Constituent Units of the United
States are sometimes referred to as states. In a modern sense, the state is
also called the nation-state.
Definitions of state
by different Author
The state has been defined by political
scientists from different countries at different times, some of which are
described below.
According to Aristotle:
- “The state is union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and
self-sufficient life by which we mean a happy and honourable life.’’
According to Laski:
- “The state is territorial society divided into government and subjects
claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other
institutions.”
According to
Burgess: - “State is a particular portion of mankind viewed as an organised
unit.”
According to
Bluntschli: - “The state is politically organised people of a definite
territory.”
According to Woodrow
Wilson: - “The state is a people organised for law within a definite
territory.”
Remember this Points-
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The state is the centre of political science
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The state is one of the most powerful,
comprehensive political institutions that unites and controls everyone else in
society.
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The state is created from the very nature of
man.
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In the eyes of the Greeks, the state is a
natural and necessary institution.
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The Greeks and Romans referred to the state as
Polis and Civitas, respectively.
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In the sixteenth century, the Italian
philosopher Nicolo Machiavelli first used the word "state" in a clear
and modern sense.
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The state is a political institution or
association that has four essential elements. They are- ~ -population,
territory, government and sovereignty.
Elements of state-
The state has four essential elements. They are— (1) population, (2)
size or territory, (3) government, and (4) sovereignty.
The
first two are physical or material, while the last two are political.
Some
scholars of political science and international law consider international
recognition to be one of the elements of the state. The recognition of the
existence, independence, and sovereignty of one state is called international
recognition. This recognition is automatically gained through formal and formal
diplomatic or trade relations between the states, by the United Nations or by
other international organizations and conventions. But because it is a
political issue, some states may not agree to give this recognition to any
group that fulfils the basic needs of the state, even for personal enmity or
other voluntary reasons. Therefore, international recognition is a weak element
and we must agree on it. Because of this, it is not considered an essential
element of the state. This is because even without international recognition, a
state's "state" status cannot be decreased. Communist China, founded
in 1949, was an independent state, but for political reasons the United States
did not recognize it until 1971, and it vetoed its accession to the United Nations.
The following is a list of our most popular pages.
1.
Population
No nation can be formed without
a population. A desert without a human being, a sea, a desert, or a forest
inhabited only by animals cannot be called a nation. So there are differing opinions
and disagreements about what the size of the population or population should
be. "The population of a single ideal country should be 5,060," Plato
said, referring to the small-town state system. Aristotle, without setting any
mathematical boundaries for the population, opined that the population of a
nation should be as large as it can be self-sufficient and as small as it can
be well-governed. In the eighteenth century, Russia determined that the
nation's population should be 10,000.
2.
Territory/Area
Each state
must have a specific area or territory. But until the nineteenth century, some
experts in political science were reluctant to accept it as an essential element.
Among them were Seeley, Holland, Flaquit, Jelinek and others. In fact, modern writers
emphasize that it is impossible to imagine a state without a specific volume or
land area. It is not possible to form a state of migrants, nomads, or migrants,
unless they live together in a specific territory together. Because of this,
the Jews acquired all the other elements of state formation but lived in
different countries as immigrants because they did not have their own territory
or size. They were not called a separate state. However, they occupied a
certain territory in the 16th century and formed a nation called Israel.
The size of a state does not simply mean
the land. It consists of land, land, rivers, lakes, etc., its upper air and sky
boundaries, mineral resources to the interior, and three nautical miles
(nautical miles) of land adjacent to the mainland. The state has sovereignty.
There is no limit to the size or territory of the population, as are the
Russian republics, Australia, the United States, China, and Canada. There are
those whose territories are limited to a few square miles. Despite this, they
are all the same in terms of international law, because they are governed by
the principle of sovereign equality. The problem with the defines is that it is
good for the state to have contiguous or contiguous parts of the continent.
3.
Government
The state is an
abstract concept and the government is its concrete and real manifesto. The
government is the political organization of the state. Without which state
formation is incomplete. It is the representation or medium of the state by
which the state expresses its will. It is the state's machinery that governs
public policy and regulates public affairs. It is also a means of awakening and
expressing the will of the people and turning it into action. The sovereignty
of the state is exercised by the government.
In its power and authority, the government
maintains internal peace and order within the state and protects it from
outside attacks. Anarchy will be created in the state without the government.
The government has three organs. These are - the legislature, the executive and
the judiciary. The government performs its functions through these organs.
There are different forms of government, such as democracy, monarchy,
dictatorship, and so on. These also have various aspects, such as parliamentary
democracy, state democracy, unity government, federal government, individual
monarchy, constitutional or limited monarchy, party dictatorship, individual or
military dictatorship, and so on. No particular form or type of government has
been adopted as a component of the state. There must be only one government, no
matter what.
4.
Sovereignty -
Sovereignty is the state's greatest and
most important element. This is the vitality of the state. As a result, the
state is separated from all other unions.
The Latin word
"sovereignty" is derived from the word "superanus", which
means "supreme". So, sovereignty is the supreme power of the state
which has no more power over it. "It simply came to our notice then.
There are two aspects of sovereignty,
namely internal sovereignty and external sovereignty. Internally, the state can
exercise its supreme power over all individuals, citizens, groups, institutions
and associations within its territory. It has a mandate that the law and the
state have the power to punish all violators of the law. The state instructs
everyone, but does not accept instructions from anyone. Internal sovereignty is
absolute and all comprehensive. External sovereignty means that the state is
free from all other nations, international organizations and books. They cannot
impose their decisions, decisions or will on the state. Of course, in the
context of a changing world society, global peace, security and humanism, the
fact that not every state voluntarily shrinks or systematizes its supreme power
in some way cannot be called the absence of sovereignty.
Are these
States?
Judging by the criteria set for the state,
will the constituent units of any federal state be called a state? For example,
how far is it reasonable for the federal state of the United States and the
states of India to be called states? These provinces have populations, territories,
or governments, but they do not have sovereignty, which is mainly limited to
the central level. Therefore, Indian states like Odisha, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Assam cannot be called nations. The status of the 'State' granted to
them is used in the sense of state or province and courtesy, not in the sense
of real sovereignty. This rule also applies to the United States. Similarly,
the United Nations (U N.O.) will not be called a state. Because it also has no
sovereignty. It is a confederation of sovereign states. Its members are all
sovereign states and by joining them they maintain their sovereignty without
losing their sovereignty. In that sense, it is possible the Commonwealth of
Nations, the Non-Aligned Organization, and the Euro are not state.
Remember -
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The state has four basic and essential elements,
namely (1) population or population, (3) size or land area, (3) government, and
(4) sovereignty. The first two are physical, while the last two are political.
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Although some consider the international
recognition to be one of the elements of the state, it is a weak, non-essential
element.
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The communist Chinese state, founded in 1949,
was recognized in 1971 by the United States and the United Nations.
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According to Plato and Rousseau, the population
or population of the country should be 5,070 and 10,000, respectively.
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In 1948, the Jews formed an independent state of
Israel, occupying certain territories.
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There is no limit to the number of inhabitants
and territories to form a state.
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In terms of population, China and India, and in
terms of size, Russia and Australia are the two largest states.
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Monaco and San Marino are both small states in
terms of population and size.
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All
states are equal in terms of international law.
